Dry particle based adhesive electrode and methods of making same

ABSTRACT

A dry process based capacitor and method for a self-supporting dry adhesive electrode film for use therein is disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present invention is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.10/817,314, filed Apr. 2, 2004, entitled “Dry Particle Based AdhesiveElectrode and Methods of Making Same,” which claims priority fromcommonly assigned Provisional Application No. 60/486,002, filed Jul. 9,2003; commonly assigned Provisional Application No. 60/498,346, filedAug. 26, 2003; commonly assigned Provisional Application No. 60/486,530,filed Jul. 10, 2003; commonly assigned Provisional Application No.60/498,210, filed Aug. 26, 2003; and commonly assigned ProvisionalApplication No. 60/546,093, filed Feb. 19, 2004. Each of thesenonprovisional and provisional applications is incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of energy storagedevices that are used to power modern technology. More particularly, thepresent invention relates to structures and methods for making dryparticle based adhesive electrode films for capacitor products.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Devices that are used to power modern technology are numerous. Inclusiveof such devices are capacitors, batteries, and fuel cells. With eachtype of device are associated positive and negative characteristics.Based on these characteristics decisions are made as to which device ismore suitable for use in a particular application. Overall cost of adevice is an important characteristic that can make or break a decisionas to whether a particular type of device is used. Double-layercapacitors, also referred to as ultracapacitors and super-capacitors,are energy storage devices that are able to store more energy per unitweight and unit volume than capacitors made with traditional technology.

Double-layer capacitors store electrostatic energy in a polarizedelectrode/electrolyte interface layer. Double-layer capacitors includetwo electrodes, which are separated from contact by a porous separator.The separator prevents an electronic (as opposed to an ionic) currentfrom shorting the two electrodes. Both the electrodes and the porousseparator are immersed in an electrolyte, which allows flow of the ioniccurrent between the electrodes and through the separator. At theelectrode/electrolyte interface, a first layer of solvent dipole and asecond layer of charged species is formed (hence, the name“double-layer” capacitor).

Although, double-layer capacitors can theoretically be operated atvoltages as high as 4.0 volts and possibly higher, current double-layercapacitor manufacturing technologies limit nominal operating voltages ofdouble-layer capacitors to about 2.5 to 2.7 volts. Higher operatingvoltages are possible, but at such voltages undesirable destructivebreakdown begins to occur, which in part may be due to interactions withimpurities and residues that can be introduced into or attach themselvesto electrodes during manufacture. For example, undesirable destructivebreakdown of double-layer capacitors is seen to appear at voltagesbetween about 2.7 to 3.0 volts.

Known capacitor electrode fabrication techniques utilize processingadditive based coating and/or extrusion processes. Both processesutilize binders, which typically comprise polymers or resins thatprovide cohesion between structures used to make the capacitor. Knowndouble-layer capacitors utilize electrode film and adhesive/binder layerformulations that have in common the use of one or more added processingadditive (also referred throughout as “additive”), variations of whichare known to those skilled in the arts as solvents, lubricants, liquids,plasticizers, and the like. When such additives are utilized in themanufacture of a capacitor product, the operating lifetime, as wellmaximum operating voltage, of a final capacitor product may becomereduced, typically because of undesirable chemical interactions that canoccur between residues of the additive(s) and a subsequently usedcapacitor electrolyte.

In a coating process, an additive (typically organic, aqueous, or blendsof aqueous and organic solvents) is used to dissolve binders within aresulting wet slurry. The wet slurry is coated onto a collector througha doctor blade or a slot die. The slurry is subsequently dried to removethe solvent. With prior art coating based processes, as layer thicknessdecreases, it becomes increasingly more difficult to achieve an evenhomogeneous layer, for example, wherein a uniform 5 micron thick coatingof an adhesive/binder layer is desired. The process of coating alsoentails high-cost and complicated processes. Furthermore, coatingprocesses require large capital investments, as well as high qualitycontrol to achieve a desired thickness, uniformity, top to bottomregistration, and the like.

In the prior art, a first wet slurry layer is coated onto a currentcollector to provide the current collector with adhesive/binder layerfunctionality. A second slurry layer, with properties that providefunctionality of a conductive electrode layer, may be coated onto thefirst coated layer. In another prior art example, an extruded layer canbe applied to the first coated layer to provide conductive electrodelayer functionality.

In the prior art process of forming an extruded conductive electrodelayer, binder and carbon particles are blended together with one or moreadditive. The resulting material has dough-like properties that allowthe material to be introduced into an extruder apparatus. The extruderapparatus fibrillates the binder and provides an extruded film, which issubsequently dried to remove most, but as discussed below, typically notall of the additive(s). When fibrillated, the binder acts as a matrix tosupport the carbon particles. The extruded film may be calendared manytimes to produce a electrode film of desired thickness and density.

Known methods for attaching additive/solvent based extruded electrodefilms and/or coated slurries to a current collector include theaforementioned precoating of a slurry of adhesive/binder. Pre-coatedslurry layers of adhesive/binder are used in the capacitor prior arts topromote electrical and physical contact with current collectors, and thecurrent collectors themselves provide a physical electrical contactpoint.

Impurities can be introduced or attach themselves during theaforementioned coating and/or extrusion processes, as well as duringprior and subsequent steps. Just as with additives, the residues ofimpurities can reduce a capacitor's operating lifetime and maximumoperating voltage. In order to reduce the amount of additive andimpurity in a final capacitor product, one or more of the various priorart capacitor structures described above are processed through a dryer.Drying processes introduce many manufacturing steps, as well asadditional processing apparatus. In the prior art, the need to provideadequate throughput requires that the drying time be limited to on theorder of hours, or less. However, with such short drying times,sufficient removal of additive and impurity is difficult to achieve.Even with a long drying time (on the order of days) the amounts ofremaining additive and impurity is still measurable, especially if theadditives or impurities have a high heat of absorption. Long dwell timeslimit production throughput and increase production and processequipment costs. Residues of the additives and impurities remain incommercially available capacitor products and can be measured to be onthe order of many parts-per-million.

Binder particles used in prior art additive based fibrillization stepsinclude polymers and polymer-like substances. Polymers and similarultra-high molecular weight substances capable of fibrillization arecommonly referred to as “fibrillizable binders” or “fibril-formingbinders.” Fibril-forming binders find use with powder like materials. Inone prior art process, fibrillizable binder and powder materials aremixed with solvent, lubricant, or the like, and the resulting wetmixture is subjected to high-shear forces to fibrillize the binderparticles. Fibrillization of the binder particles produces fibrils thateventually form a matrix or lattice for supporting a resultingcomposition of matter. In the prior art, the high shear forces can beprovided by subjecting the wet mixture comprising the binder to anextrusion process.

In the prior art, the resulting additive based extruded product can besubsequently processed in a high-pressure compactor, dried to remove theadditive, shaped into a needed form, and otherwise processed to obtainan end-product for a needed application. For purposes of handling,processing, and durability, desirable properties of the end producttypically depend on the consistency and homogeneity of the compositionof matter from which the product is made, with good consistency andhomogeneity being important requirements. Such desirable propertiesdepend on the degree of fibrillization of the polymer. Tensile strength,for example, commonly depends on both the degree of fibrillization ofthe fibrillizable binder, and the consistency of the fibril latticeformed by the binder within the material. When used as an electrodefilm, internal resistance of an end product is also important. Internalresistance may depend on bulk resistivity—volume resistivity on largescale—of the material from which the electrode film is fabricated. Bulkresistivity of the material is a function of the material's homogeneity;the better the dispersal of the conductive carbon particles or otherconductive filler within the material, the lower the resistivity of thematerial. When electrode films are used in capacitors, such aselectro-chemical double-layer capacitors, capacitance per unit volume isyet another important characteristic for consideration. In double layercapacitors, capacitance increases with the specific surface area of theelectrode film used to make a capacitor electrode. Specific surface areais defined as the ratio of (1) the surface area of electrode filmexposed to an electrolytic solution when the electrode material isimmersed in the solution, and (2) the volume of the electrode film. Anelectrode film's specific surface area and capacitance per unit volumeare believed to improve with improvement in consistency and homogeneity.

A need thus exists for new methods of producing inexpensive and reliablecapacitor electrode materials with one or more of the followingqualities: improved consistency and homogeneity of distribution ofbinder and active particles on microscopic and macroscopic scales;improved tensile strength of electrode film produced from the materials;decreased resistivity; and increased specific surface area. Yet anotherneed exists for capacitor electrodes fabricated from materials withthese qualities. A further need is to provide capacitors and capacitorelectrodes without the use of processing additives.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides a high yield method for makinginexpensive, durable, and highly reliable dry electrode films andassociated structures for use in energy storage devices. The presentinvention eliminates or substantially reduces use of additives andeliminates or substantially reduces impurities, and associated dryingsteps and apparatus.

In one embodiment, a process for manufacturing a dry adhesive film foruse in an energy storage device product comprises the steps of supplyingdry carbon particles; supplying dry binder; dry mixing the dry carbonparticles and dry binder; and dry fibrillizing at least some of the drybinder to create a matrix within which to support the dry carbonparticles as a dry material. The step of dry fibrillizing may compriseapplication of sufficiently high-shear. The high-shear may be applied ina jet-mill. The application of sufficiently high-shear may beeffectuated by application of a high pressure. The high pressure may beapplied as a high-pressure gas. The gas may comprise oxygen. Thepressure may be greater than or equal to 60 PSI. The process of claim 6,wherein the gas is applied at a dew point that does not exceed −40degrees F. 12 ppm. The process may comprise a step of compacting the drymaterial. The step of compacting may be performed after one pass througha compacting apparatus. The compacting apparatus may be a roll-mill.After one pass through the compacting apparatus the dry material maycomprise a self-supporting dry adhesive electrode film. Theself-supporting dry adhesive electrode film may comprise a thickness ofabout 80 to 250 microns. The self-supporting dry adhesive electrode filmmay be formed as a continuous sheet. The sheet may be at least 1 meterlong. The dry material may be manufactured without the use of anyprocessing additives. The electrode film may be calendered onto asubstrate. The substrate may comprise a collector. The collector maycomprise an aluminum foil. The electrode film may be calendered directlyonto the substrate without use of an intermediate layer. The drymaterial may be calendered onto a coated substrate. At least some of thedry binder may comprise a fibrillizable fluoropolymer. The carbonparticles may comprise activated carbon and conductive carbon. The drymaterial may consist of the dry carbon particles and the dry binder. Thedry material may comprise between about 50% to 99% activated carbon. Thedry material may comprise between about 0% to 25% conductive carbon. Thedry material may comprise between about 0.5% to 20% fluoropolymerparticles. The dry material may comprise between about 80% to 95%activated carbon and between about 0% to 15% conductive carbon, and thedry binder may comprise between about 3% to 15% fluoropolymer. In oneembodiment, a method of manufacturing an adhesive electrode filmcomprises the steps of mixing dry carbon and dry binder particles; andforming a self-supporting adhesive film from the dry particles withoutthe substantial use of any processing additives such as hydrocarbons,high boiling point solvents, antifoaming agents, surfactants, dispersionaids, water, pyrrolidone, mineral spirits, ketones, naphtha, acetates,alcohols, glycols, toluene, xylene, and Isopars™.

In one embodiment, an energy storage device product may comprise aself-supporting film consisting of a dry mix of dry carbon and drybinder particles. At least some of the dry mix may be dry fibrillized.The dry mix may consist of no processing additive.

In one embodiment, an energy storage device product, may comprise one ormore self-supporting dry adhesive film comprising a dry mix of drybinder and dry carbon particles. The self-supporting dry adhesive filmmay be a compacted film. The dry adhesive film may comprise a thicknessof about 100 to about 250 microns. The self-supporting dry adhesive filmmay comprise a length of at least 1 meter. The self-supporting dryadhesive film may be coupled directly against a substrate. Theself-supporting dry adhesive film may comprise no processing additive.The substrate may comprise a collector. The collector may comprisealuminum. The product may comprise a collector, and wherein the dryadhesive film is coupled directly against a surface of the collector.The collector may be untreated. The collector may comprise two sides,wherein one self-supporting dry adhesive film is calendered directlyagainst one side of the collector, and wherein a second self-supportingdry adhesive film is calendered directly against a second side of thecollector. The collector may be treated. The collector may be formed tocomprise a roll. The roll may be disposed within a sealed aluminumhousing. The housing may be disposed in an electrolyte, wherein theproduct comprises a double-layer capacitor. At least some of the drybinder may comprise a fibrillizable fluoropolymer, wherein the drycarbon particles comprise activated carbon particles and conductivecarbon particles. At least some of the dry binder may comprise athermoplastic, wherein the dry carbon particles comprise conductivecarbon particles.

In one embodiment, an energy storage product may consist of a dryfibrillized mix of dry binder and dry carbon particles formed into acontinuous self-supporting adhesive electrode film without the use ofany processing additives. The processing additives not used may includeof hydrocarbons, high boiling point solvents, antifoaming agents,surfactants, dispersion aids, water, pyrrolidone, mineral spirits,ketones, naphtha, acetates, alcohols, glycols, toluene, xylene, andIsopars™. At least some of the dry binder may comprise a fibrillized drybinder. The binder may be fibrillized by a high-pressure gas. Thehigh-pressure may comprise a pressure of more than 60 PSI. The gas maycomprise a dew point of no more than −40 degrees F. 12 PPM.

In one embodiment, a process for making an energy storage devicecomprises the steps of mixing dry carbon particles and dry binder toform one or more dry mixture; and compacting the one or more dry mixtureto form one or more dry film. The process may comprise the step ofbonding the one or more dry film to a current collector. The process maycomprise the step of bonding the one or more dry film to a separator.The step of compacting may comprise heating the carbon particles andbinder. The step of compacting may comprise forming the dry film afterone pass through a compacting device. The dry film may be formed as along continuous film. The dry film may be self-supporting. The processof claim 58, further comprising a step wherein the dry film is bondeddirectly to the current collector. The mixing step may comprise dryfibrillizing at least some of the dry mixture. The mixing step maycomprise subjecting at least some of the dry binder to high shearforces. The high shear forces may be applied by a high-pressure gas. Thegas may comprise oxygen. The pressure may be greater than or equal to 60PSI. The gas may be applied at a dew point that does not exceed −40degrees F. 12 ppm. At least some of the dry binder may comprisethermoplastic particles. The dry binder may include polyethylene,polypropylene, polyolefin, and non-fibrillizable fluoropolymerparticles. At least some of the dry binder may comprise fibrillizablefluoropolymer particles. The fibrillizable fluoropolymer particles maycomprise PTFE. At least some of the dry carbon particles may compriseconductive graphite. At least some of the dry carbon particles maycomprise a mixture of activated carbon and conductive carbon. Thecurrent collector may comprise a metal. The current collector maycomprise aluminum foil. The one or more dry film may comprise a dryconductive electrode film. The dry film may consist of a mix of drycarbon particles and dry binder particles. The dry carbon particles maycomprise dry conductive carbon particles. The dry carbon particles maycomprise dry activated carbon particles. The dry binder may comprise drythermoplastic particles. The dry binder may comprise dry thermoplasticparticles, wherein the step of bonding occurs during application ofheat. After compacting, the dry film may comprise a density of about0.50 to 0.70 gm/cm². The dry binder may comprise radiation setparticles. The dry binder may comprise thermoset particles. A first drymixture of the one or more dry mixture may comprise activated carbonparticles, conductive carbon particles, and first binder particles; anda second dry mixture of the one or more dry mixture may compriseconductive carbon particles and second binder particles. The process maycomprise a feeding step, wherein a first dry mixture of the one or moredry mixture comprises first dry particles, wherein a second dry mixtureof the one or more dry mixture comprises second dry particles, whereinduring the feeding step the first dry particles are provided as a firststream of dry particles, wherein during the feeding step the second dryparticles are provided as a second stream of dry particles, and whereinduring the mixing step the second stream is intermixed within the firststream. The second stream may comprise a distribution of dry particlessizes, wherein during the mixing step the second stream is intermixedwithin the first stream so as to have a similar distribution ofparticles sizes as that in the feeding step. The one or more dry mixturemay comprise a first dry film, wherein a second dry mixture of the oneor more dry mixture comprises dry particles, wherein during the mixingstep the dry particles are provided against the first dry film as astream of dry particles. The process may comprise the step of providingan additive-based film, wherein a first dry mixture of the one or moredry mixture comprises dry particles, wherein during the mixing step thedry particles are provided against the additive-based film as a streamof dry particles. The energy storage device may comprise an energystorage device electrode, wherein all process steps do not utilize anyprocessing additives.

In one embodiment. a blend of dry particles for use in the drymanufacture of a self-supporting energy storage device electrodecomprises dry carbon particles; and dry binder particles. The dry carbonparticles may comprise activated carbon and conductive carbon particles,wherein the electrode is a capacitor electrode. The dry binder particlesmay comprise a dry thermoplastic. The dry binder and dry carbonparticles may be intermixed, wherein the dry thermoplastic isdistributed within a thickness of a surface of the intermix with adecreasing gradient that is greater at a first thickness than adifferent second thickness. In one embodiment, an electrode may comprisea self-supporting dry film including compacted dry binder and dry carbonparticles. The particles may be dry intermixed so as to be distributedwithin the film with a gradually decreasing gradient. The electrode maycomprise a collector, wherein a first side of the dry film is coupled tothe collector. The electrode may comprise a separator, wherein a secondside of the dry film is coupled to the separator. The dry binder maycomprise a heated thermoplastic. The dry carbon particles may compriseconductive carbon particles. The dry binder may comprise a dryfluoropolymer. The dry carbon particles may comprise dry conductivecarbon particles and dry activated carbon particles. The dry film may besubjected to heat heated dry film. The dry carbon film may comprise adensity of about 0.50 to 0.70 gm/cm². The dry intermixed particles maycomprise two mixes, wherein as a percentage of a weight of a first mix,the first mix comprises between about 80% to 95% activated carbon,between about 0% to 15% conductive carbon, and between about 3% to 15%fibrillizable fluoropolymer; and wherein as percentage of weight of asecond mix, the second mix comprises about 40% to 60% binder, and about40% to 60% conductive carbon. The dry carbon film may comprise about 1to 100 parts of the second mix for about every 1000 parts of the firstmix.

In one embodiment, a capacitor may comprise a plurality of dry processedparticles, the dry processed particles including binder and carbonparticles. The dry processed particles may be formed as aself-supporting dry electrode film, wherein at least some of the dryprocessed particles are compacted against the dry electrode film. Thecapacitor may comprise a current collector, wherein the dry processedparticles are dry bonded to the current collector, and wherein thecurrent collector comprises aluminum. The may comprise a separator,wherein the dry processed particles are dry-bonded to the separator. Theseparator may comprise paper. The capacitor may comprise a double-layerelectrode rated to operate at a maximum voltage of 3.0 volts or less.The capacitor may comprise an additive-based electrode film, wherein thedry processed particles are compacted against the additive basedelectrode film. The dry processed particles may be compacted into a dryself-supporting electrode film by a single pass compaction device. Thecapacitor may comprise a sealed aluminum housing, wherein the dryprocessed particles are disposed within the housing. The capacitor maycomprise a sealed aluminum housing, wherein the current collector iscoupled to the housing by a laser weld. The capacitor may comprise ajellyroll type electrode.

In one embodiment, a capacitor comprises a collector; the collectorhaving two sides; and two electrode film layers, wherein a firstelectrode film layer is bonded directly onto a first surface of thecollector, and wherein a second electrode film layer is bonded directlyonto a second surface of the collector. The two electrode film layersmay include no processing additives. The two electrode layers maycomprise a thermoplastic. The capacitor may comprise substantially zeroresidues as determined by a chemical analysis of the layers beforeimpregnation by an electrolyte. The residues may be selected from agroup consisting of: hydrocarbons, high boiling point solvents,antifoaming agents, surfactants, dispersion aids, water, pyrrolidone,mineral spirits, ketones, naphtha, acetates, alcohols, glycols, toluene,xylene, and Isopars™ The layers may be impregnated with an electrolyte.The capacitor may comprise a double-layer capacitor.

In one embodiment, an apparatus for manufacture of an energy deviceelectrode may comprise one or more feeder, wherein each feeder providesdry carbon and binder particles for processing by the apparatus. Theapparatus may comprise at least two rollers, wherein the at least tworollers are disposed to receive the particles from the feeders to form adry film from the particles. The apparatus may comprise a compactor,wherein the compactor is disposed to receive the particles to form a dryfilm from the particles, and wherein the dry film is self-supportingafter one pass-through the compactor. The dry film may comprise adensity of about 0.50 to 0.70 gm/cm². The dry film may be a longcontinuous film. The dry film may comprise an intermixed dry film,wherein some of the dry carbon and dry binder particles are intermixedwithin the dry film with a first gradient, wherein some of the drycarbon and dry binder particles are intermixed within the dry film witha first gradient, wherein the first gradient of particles provideselectrode functionality, and wherein the second gradient of particlesprovides adhesive functionality. The apparatus may comprise at least twoheated rollers, wherein the at least two rollers are disposed to receivethe particles to form a dry electrode film from the mixture. Theapparatus may be disposed to receive a current collector and to calenderthe dry electrode film directly to the current collector.

In one embodiment, an energy storage device electrode comprises a dryfilm, wherein the dry film comprises intermixed dry carbon and drybinder particles, wherein some of the dry carbon and dry binderparticles are intermixed within the dry film with a first gradient,wherein some of the dry carbon and dry binder particles are intermixedwithin the dry film with an opposing different second gradient, whereinthe first gradient of particles provides electrode functionality, andwherein the second gradient of particles provides adhesivefunctionality.

In one embodiment, an energy storage device comprises one or morecontinuous self supporting intermixed film structure comprisingconductive dry carbon particles and dry binder particles, the filmstructure consisting of about zero parts per million processingadditive. The additive is selected from the group consisting ofhydrocarbons, high boiling point solvents, antifoaming agents,surfactants, dispersion aids, water, pyrrolidone, mineral spirits,ketones, naphtha, acetates, alcohols, glycols, toluene, xylene, andIsopars™. The film structure may comprise a dry adhesive binder. Thefilm structure may comprise a dry conductive carbon. The film structuremay comprise dry activated carbon, dry conductive carbon, and dryadhesive binder. The film structure may be coupled to a collector. Theintermixed film structure may comprise two intermixed film structurescoupled to a collector, wherein a first of the film structures iscoupled to a first side of the collector, and wherein a second of thefilm structures is coupled to a second side of the collector. Theintermixed film structure may be an electrode film. The electrode filmmay be an energy storage device electrode film. The electrode film maycomprise a capacitor electrode film.

In one embodiment, an energy storage device comprises a housing; acollector, the collector having an exposed surface; an electrolyte, theelectrolyte disposed within the housing; and an electrode film, whereinthe electrode film is impregnated with the electrolyte, and wherein theelectrode film is coupled directly to the exposed surface. The electrodefilm may be substantially insoluble in the electrolyte. The electrodemay comprise a dry adhesive binder, wherein the binder is substantiallyinsoluble in the electrolyte. The adhesive binder may comprise athermoplastic, wherein the thermoplastic couples the electrode film tothe collector. The electrolyte may comprise an acetonitrile type ofelectrolyte. In one embodiment, a solventless method for manufacture ofan energy storage device electrode comprises the steps of providing drycarbon particles; providing dry binder particles; forming the dry carbonand dry binder particles into an adhesive energy storage deviceelectrode without the use of any solvent.

In one embodiment, a solventless method for manufacture of an energystorage device electrode comprises the steps of providing dry carbonparticles; providing dry binder particles; intermixing the dry carbonand dry binder particles to form an adhesive energy storage deviceelectrode without the use of any solvent.

In one embodiment, an energy storage device structure comprises one ormore electrode film, wherein the one or more electrode film is bothconductive and adhesive, and wherein the one or more electrode film iscoupled directly to a current collector.

In one embodiment, an energy storage device structure comprises one ormore self-supporting dry process based electrode film. The film maycomprise conductive and adhesive particles. The adhesive particles maycomprise a thermoplastic. The electrode may be a capacitor electrode.

In one embodiment, a method of adhering capacitor structures togethercomprises the steps of providing a first capacitor material; providing afirst dry mixture of particles; and adhering the first material to thefirst mixture. The step of adhering may comprise a step of compactingthe material and the particles together. The material may comprise asecond dry mixture of particles. The material may comprise a currentcollector. The step of compacting may form the material and theparticles into a capacitor electrode. The first material may comprise anadditive-based film. The particles may comprise conductive carbon andbinder. The binder may comprise a thermoplastic material. The step ofadhering may occur during application of heat to the particles. Theelectrode may comprise a density of about 0.50 to 70 gm/cm². The bindermay comprise a thermoset material. The binder may comprise a radiationset material. As a percentage of a weight of the first dry mixture, thefirst dry mixture may comprise between about 80% to 95% activatedcarbon, between about 0% to 15% conductive carbon, and between about 3%to 15% fibrillizable fluoropolymer; and as percentage of weight of thesecond dry mixture, the second dry mixture may comprise about 40% to 60%binder, and about 40% to 60% conductive carbon. The first and second drymixtures may define a dry carbon film that comprises about 1 to 100parts of the second mixture for about every 1000 parts of the first drymixture.

In one embodiment, a capacitor structure may comprise a collector; and aplurality of dry processed particles coupled to the collector, whereinthe particles define a long integral dry electrode film. The film maycomprise dry conductive carbon and dry adhesive materials. The film maycomprise one or more blend of dry particles. The particles may compriseactivated carbon, conductive carbon, and a fibrillizable binder; whereina second of the particles comprises conductive carbon and adhesivebinder. As a percentage of a weight of the film, the first of theparticles may comprise between about 80% to 95% activated carbon,between about 0% to 15% conductive carbon, and between about 3% to 15%fibrillizable fluoropolymer; and as percentage of weight of the film,the second of the particles may comprise about 40% to 60% binder, andabout 40% to 60% conductive carbon. The film may comprise about 1 to 100parts of the second of the particles for about every 1000 parts of thefirst of the particles. The dry particles may comprise conductivecarbon, and a thermoplastic binder. The film may be at least 5 meterslong. The film may be self-supporting. The adhesive materials may beselected from a group consisting of thermoplastic, thermoset, andradiation set materials.

In one embodiment, an electrode may comprise a collector; and a dryprocess based electrode film, wherein the electrode film is coupled tothe collector, wherein the electrode film comprises conductive andbinder particles, and wherein between the collector and the electrodefilm there exists only one distinct interface. The binder particles maycomprise a thermoplastic. The film may further comprise activatedcarbon. The conductive particles may comprise graphite. The conductiveparticles may comprise a metal.

In one embodiment, an energy storage device electrode comprises adhesivebinder particles; and carbon particles, the carbon particles comprisinga surface, wherein a plurality of the carbon particles are coupled toeach other by the adhesive binder particles, and wherein a plurality ofthe carbon particles make direct carbon particle to carbon particlecontact.

In one embodiment, an energy storage device structure comprises aplurality of intermixed dry processed carbon and binder particles formedinto an electrode, wherein as compared to an electrode formed of aplurality of the same carbon and binder particles processed with aprocessing additive, the intermixed dry processed carbon and binderparticles comprises less residue.

In one embodiment, a capacitor comprises a continuous compacted selfsupporting dry adhesive electrode film comprising a dry mix of drybinder and dry carbon particles, the film coupled to a collector, thecollector shaped into a roll disposed within a sealed aluminum housing.The dry adhesive electrode film may comprise no processing additive. Inone embodiment, an energy storage device comprises dry process basedadhesive electrode means for providing adhesive and electrodefunctionality in an energy storage device.

In one embodiment, a process for manufacturing a dry electrode for usein an energy storage device product comprises the steps of supplying drycarbon particles; supplying dry binder; dry mixing the dry carbonparticles and dry binder; and dry fibrillizing the dry binder to createa matrix within which to support the dry carbon particles as a drymaterial. The step of dry fibrillizing may comprise application ofsufficiently high-shear. The high-shear may be applied in a jet-mill.The application of sufficiently high-shear may be effectuated byapplication of a high pressure. The high pressure may be applied as ahigh-pressure gas. The gas may comprise oxygen. The pressure may begreater than or equal to about 60 PSI. The gas may be applied at a dewpoint of about −40 degrees F. 12 ppm. The process may further include astep of compacting the dry material. In the process, the step ofcompacting may be performed after one pass through a compactingapparatus. The compacting apparatus may be a roll-mill. In oneembodiment, after the one pass though the compacting apparatus the drymaterial comprises a self-supporting dry film. The self-supporting dryfilm may comprise a thickness of about 100 to 250 microns. Theself-supporting dry film may be formed as a continuous sheet. The sheetmay be one meter long. The dry material may be manufactured without theuse of any processing additives. The processing additives not used maybe hydrocarbons, high boiling point solvents, antifoaming agents,surfactants, dispersion aids, water, pyrrolidone mineral spirits,ketones, naphtha, acetates, alcohols, glycols, toluene, xylene, andIsopars™. The process may include a step of calendering the dry materialonto a substrate. The substrate may comprise a collector. The collectormay comprise an aluminum foil. The dry material may calendered directlyonto the substrate without use of an intermediate layer. The drymaterial may be calendered onto a treated substrate. The dry binder maycomprise a fibrillizable fluoropolymer. In one embodiment, the drymaterial consists of the dry carbon particles and the dry binder. Thedry material may comprise between about 50% to 99% activated carbon. Thedry material may comprise between about 0% to 25% conductive carbon. Thedry material may comprise between about 0.5% to 20% fluoropolymerparticles. The dry material may comprise between about 80% to 95%activated carbon and between about 0% to 15% conductive carbon, and thedry binder may comprise between about 3% to 15% fluoropolymer.

In one embodiment, a method of manufacturing an electrode film maycomprise the steps of mixing dry carbon and dry binder particles; andforming a self-supporting film from the dry particles without the use ofany processing additives. The processing additives not used may behydrocarbons, high boiling point solvents, antifoaming agents,surfactants, dispersion aids, water, pyrrolidone mineral spirits,ketones, naphtha, acetates, alcohols, glycols, toluene, xylene, andIsopars™.

In one embodiment, an energy storage device product, may comprise aself-supporting film consisting of a dry mix of dry carbon and drybinder particles. The dry mix may be a dry fibrillized mix. The dry mixmay comprise substantially no processing additives. The processingadditives not used may be hydrocarbons, high boiling point solvents,antifoaming agents, surfactants; dispersion aids, water, pyrrolidonemineral spirits, ketones, naphtha, acetates, alcohols, glycols, toluene,xylene, and Isopars™. The dry mix may be dry fibrillized by applicationof a high pressure. The high pressure may be applied by a high-pressuregas. The high pressure may be applied by air with a dew point of about−20 degrees F. 12 ppm.

In one embodiment an energy storage device product, comprises one ormore self-supporting dry film consisting of a dry fibrillized mix of drybinder and dry carbon particles. The self-supporting dry film may becompacted. The dry film may comprise a thickness of 100 to 250 microns.The self-supporting dry film may comprise a length of at least 1 meter.The self-supporting dry film may be positioned against a substrate. Themix may comprise between about 50% to 99% activated carbon. The mix maycomprise between about 0% to 25% conductive carbon. The mix may comprisebetween about 0.5% to 20% fluoropolymer particles. The mix may comprisebetween about 80% to 95% activated carbon and between about 0% to 15%conductive carbon, and the dry binder may comprise between about 3% to15% fluoropolymer. The self-supporting film may comprise no processingadditives. The processing additives not used may be hydrocarbons, highboiling point solvents, antifoaming agents, surfactants, dispersionaids, water, pyrrolidone mineral spirits, ketones, naphtha, acetates,alcohols, glycols, toluene, xylene, and Isopars™. The substrate maycomprise a collector. The collector may comprise aluminum. The productmay comprise a collector, wherein the dry film is positioned directlyagainst a surface of the collector. The dry mix may be dry fibrillizedby a high-pressure gas. The collector may comprise two sides, whereinone self-supporting dry film is calendered directly against one side ofthe collector, and wherein a second self-supporting dry film iscalendered directly against a second side of the collector. Thecollector may be treated. The collector may be formed to comprise aroll. The roll may be disposed within a sealed aluminum housing. Thehousing may be disposed an electrolyte, wherein the product comprises adouble-layer capacitor.

In one embodiment, an energy storage product may consist of a dryfibrillized mix of dry binder and dry carbon particles formed into acontinuous self supporting electrode film without the use of anyprocessing additives. The processing additives not used may include highboiling point solvents, antifoaming agents, surfactants, dispersionaids, water, pyrrolidone mineral spirits, ketones, naphtha, acetates,alcohols, glycols, toluene, xylene, and Isopars™.

In one embodiment, a capacitor comprises a film comprising a dryfibrillized mix of dry binder and dry carbon particles, the film coupledto a collector, the collector shaped into a roll, the roll impregnatedwith an electrolyte and disposed within a sealed aluminum housing. Thefilm may comprise substantially no processing additive. The film mayconsist of the dry carbon particles and the dry binder. The film maycomprise a long compacted self-supporting dry film. The film maycomprise a density of about 0.50 to 0.70 gm/cm².

In one embodiment, an energy storage device comprises a dry processbased electrode means for providing conductive electrode functionalityin an energy storage device.

In one embodiment, a solventless method for manufacture of an energystorage device electrode comprises the steps of providing dry carbonparticles; providing dry binder particles; and forming the dry carbonand dry binder particles into an energy storage device electrode withoutthe use of any solvent.

In one embodiment, a solventless method for manufacture of an energystorage device electrode comprises the steps of providing dry carbonparticles; providing dry binder particles; and intermixing the drycarbon and dry binder particles to form an energy storage deviceelectrode without the use of any solvent.

In one embodiment, a solventless method for manufacture of an energystorage device electrode comprises the steps of providing dry carbonparticles; providing dry binder particles; and forming the dry carbonand dry binder particles into an energy storage device electrode withoutthe substantial use of any hydrocarbons, high boiling point solvents,antifoaming agents, surfactants, dispersion aids, water, pyrrolidonemineral spirits, ketones, naphtha, acetates, alcohols, glycols, toluene,xylene, and/or Isopars™.

In one embodiment, an energy storage device electrode comprisessubstantial no hydrocarbons, high boiling point solvents, antifoamingagents, surfactants, dispersion aids, water, pyrrolidone mineralspirits, ketones, naphtha, acetates, alcohols, glycols, toluene, xylene,and/or Isopars™.

Other embodiments, benefits, and advantages will become apparent upon afurther reading of the following Figures, Description, and Claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 a is a block diagram illustrating a method for making an energystorage device electrode film.

FIG. 1 b is a high-level front view of a jet-mill assembly used tofibrillize binder within a dry carbon particle mixture.

FIG. 1 c is a high-level side view of a jet-mill assembly shown in FIG.1 b;

FIG. 1 d is a high-level top view of the jet-mill assembly shown inFIGS. 1 b and 1 c.

FIG. 1 e is a high-level front view of a compressor and a compressed airstorage tank used to supply compressed air to a jet-mill assembly.

FIG. 1 f is a high-level top view of the compressor and the compressedair storage tank shown in FIG. 1 e, in accordance with the presentinvention.

FIG. 1 g is a high-level front view of the jet-mill assembly of FIGS. 1b-d in combination with a dust collector and a collection container.

FIG. 1 h is a high-level top view of the combination of FIGS. 1 f and 1g.

FIGS. 1 i, 1 j, and 1 k illustrate effects of variations in feed rate,grind pressure, and feed pressure on tensile strength in length, tensilestrength in width, and dry resistivity of electrode materials.

FIG. 1 m illustrates effects of variations in feed rate, grind pressure,and feed pressure on internal resistance.

FIG. 1 n illustrates effects of variations in feed rate, grind pressure,and feed pressure on capacitance of double layer capacitors usingelectrodes.

FIG. 1 p illustrates effect of variation in feed pressure on internalresistance of electrodes, and on the capacitance.

FIG. 2 a shows an apparatus for forming a structure of an electrode.

FIG. 2 b shows a degree of intermixing of dry particles.

FIG. 2 c shows a gradient of particles within a dry film.

FIG. 2 d shows a distribution of the sizes of dry binder and conductivecarbon particles.

FIGS. 2 e-f, show carbon particles as encapsulated by dissolved binderof the prior art and dry carbon particles as attached to dry binder ofthe present invention.

FIG. 2 g shows a system for forming a structure for use in an energystorage device.

FIG. 3 is a side representation of one embodiment of a system forbonding electrode films to a current collector for use in an energystorage device.

FIG. 4 a is a side representation of one embodiment of a structure of anenergy storage device electrode.

FIG. 4 b is a top representation of one embodiment of an electrode.

FIG. 5 is a side representation of a rolled electrode coupled internallyto a housing.

FIG. 6 a shows capacitance vs. number of full charge/discharge chargecycles.

FIG. 6 b shows resistance vs. number of full charge/discharge chargecycles.

FIG. 6 c shows effects of electrolyte on specimens of electrodes.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to several embodiments of theinvention that are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Whereverpossible, same or similar reference numerals are used to refer to thesame or similar elements or steps used therein.

In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, an inexpensive,long lasting, reliable dry particle capacitor, capacitor electrode, andstructures thereof, as well as methods for making the same aredescribed. The present invention provides distinct advantages whencompared to those of the additive-based coating/extruder devices of theprior art.

The energy storage devices and methods associated with the presentinvention do not use the one or more prior art processing aides oradditives associated with coating and extrusion based processes(hereafter referred throughout as “processing additive” and “additive”),including: added solvents, liquids, lubricants, plasticizers, and thelike. As well, one or more associated additive removal steps, postcoating treatments such as curing or cross-linking, drying step(s) andapparatus associated therewith, and the like, are eliminated. Becauseadditives are not used during manufacture, a final electrode product isnot subject to chemical interactions that may occur between theaforementioned prior art residues of such additives and a subsequentlyused electrolyte. Because binders that are dissolvable by additives donot need to be used with present invention, a wider class of orselection of binders may be used than in the prior art. Such binders canbe selected to be completely or substantially insoluble and nonswellablein typically used electrolytes, an advantage, which when combined with alack of additive based impurities or residues such electrolytes canreact to, allows that a much more reliable and durable energy storagedevice may be provided. A high throughput method for making more durableand more reliable energy storage devices is thus provided.

Referring now to FIG. 6 a, there are seen capacitance vs. number of fullcharge/discharge charge cycles tests for both a prior art energy storagedevice 5 manufactured using processing additives and an embodiment of anenergy storage device 6 comprising structures manufactured using noprocessing additives according to one or more of the principlesdescribed further herein.

Device 5 incorporates in its design a prior art processingadditive-based electrode available from W.L Gore & Associates, Inc. 401Airport Rd., Elkton, Md. 21922, 410-392-444, under the EXCELLERATOR™brand of electrode. The EXCELLERATOR™ brand of electrode was configuredin a jellyroll configuration within an aluminum housing to comprise adouble-layer capacitor. Device 6 was also configured as a similar Faraddouble-layer capacitor in a similar form factor housing, but usinginstead a dry electrode film 33 (as referenced in FIG. 2 g describedbelow).

The dry electrode film 33 was adhered to a collector by an adhesivecoating sold under the trade name Electrodag® EB-012 by Acheson ColloidsCompany, 1600 Washington Ave., Port Huron, M148060, Telephone1-810-984-5581. Dry film 33 was manufactured utilizing no processingadditives in a manner described further herein.

Those skilled in the art will identify that high capacitance (forexample, 1000 Farads and above) capacitor products that are soldcommercially are derated to reflect an initial drop (on the order of 10%or so) in capacitance that may occur during the first 5000 or socapacitor charge discharge cycles, in other words, a rated 2600 Faradcapacitor sold commercially may initially be a 2900 Farad or higherrated capacitor. After the first 5000 cycles or so, those skilled in theart will identify that under normal expected use, (normal temperature,average cycle discharge duty cycle, etc), a capacitors rated capacitancemay decrease at a predictable reduced rate, which may be used to predicta capacitors useful life. The higher the initial capacitor value neededto achieve a rated capacitor value, the more capacitor material isneeded, and thus, the higher the cost of the capacitor.

In the FIGS. 6 a and 6 b embodiments, both devices 5 and 6 were testedwithout any preconditioning. The initial starting capacitance of devices5 and 6 was about 2800 Farad. The test conditions were such that at roomtemperature, both devices 5 and 6 were full cycle charged at 100 amps to2.5 volts and then discharged to 1.25 volts. Both devices were chargedand discharged in this manner continuously. The test was performed forapproximately 70,000 cycles for the prior art device 5, and forapproximately 120,000 cycles for the device 6. Those skilled in the artwill identify that such test conditions are considered to be high stressconditions that capacitor products are not typically expected to besubject to, but were nevertheless conducted to demonstrate thedurability of device 6. As indicated by the results, the prior artdevice 5 experienced a drop of about 30% in capacitance by the time70,000 full charge cycles occurred, whereas at 70,000 and 120,000 cyclesdevice 6 experienced only a drop of about 15% and 16%, respectively.Device 6 is shown to experience a predictable decrease in capacitancethat can be modeled to indicate that cycling of the capacitor up toabout 0.5 million, 1 million, and 1.5 million cycles can be achievedunder the specific conditions with respective drops of 21%, 23%, and 24%in capacitance. At 70,000 cycles it is shown that device 6 madeaccording to one or more of the embodiments disclosed herein experiencedabout 50% less in capacitance drop than a processing additive basedprior art device 5 (about 15% vs. 30%, respectively). At about 120,000cycles it is shown that device 6 made according to one or moreembodiments disclosed herein experienced only about 17% capacitancedrop. At 1 million cycles it is envisioned that device 6 will experienceless than 25% drop from its initial capacitance.

Referring now to FIG. 6 b, there are seen resistance vs. number of fullcharge/discharge charge cycles tests for both a prior art energy storagedevice 5 manufactured using processing additives and an embodiment of anenergy storage device 6. As indicated by the results the prior artdevice 5 experienced an increase in resistance over that of device 6. Asseen, device 6 experiences a minimal increase in resistance (less than10% over 100,000 cycles) as compared to device 5 (100% increase over75,000 cycles).

Referring now to FIG. 6 c, there are seen physical specimens ofelectrode obtained from devices 5, 6, and 7 shown after one week and 1month of immersion in 1.5 M tetramethylammonium or tetrafluoroborate inacetonitrile electrolyte at a temperature of 85 degrees centigrade. Theelectrode sample from device 5 comprises the processing additive basedEXCELLERATOR™ brand of electrode film discussed above, and the electrodesample of device 7 comprises a processing additive based electrode filmobtained from a 5 Farad NESCAP double-layer capacitor product,Wonchun-Dong 29-9, Paldal-Ku, Suwon, Kyonggi, 442-380, Korea, Telephone:+82 31 219 0682. As seen, electrodes from devices 5 and 7 show damageafter 1 week and substantial damage after 1 month immersion inacetonitrile electrolyte. In contrast, an electrode from a device 6 madeof one or more of the embodiments described further herein shows novisual damage, even after one year (physical specimen not shown) ofimmersion in acetonitrile electrolyte.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, when charged at 100 amps to 2.5 voltsand then discharged to 1.25 volts over 120,000 cycles a device 6experiences less than a 30 percent drop in capacitance. In oneembodiment, when charged at 100 amps to 2.5 volts and then discharged to1.25 volts over 70,000 cycles a device 6 experiences less than a 30percent drop in capacitance. In one embodiment, when charged at 100 ampsto 2.5 volts and then discharged to 1.25 volts over 70,000 cycles adevice 6 experiences less than a 5 percent drop in capacitance in oneembodiment, a device 6 is capable of being charged at 100 amps to 2.5volts and then discharged to 1.25 volts over 1,000,000 cycles with lessthan a 30% drop in capacitance. In one embodiment, a device 6 is capableof being charged at 100 amps to 2.5 volts and then discharged to 1.25volts over 1,500,000 cycles with less than a 30% drop in capacitance. Inone embodiment, when charged at 100 amps to 2.5 volts and thendischarged to 1.25 volts over 70,000 cycles a device 6 experiences anincrease in resistance of less than 100 percent. In one embodiment, amethod of using a device 6 comprises the steps of: (a) charging thedevice from 1.25 volts to 2.5 volts at 100 amps; (b) discharging thedevice to 1.25 volts; and (c) measuring less than a 30% drop in aninitial capacitance of the device after repeating step (a) and step (b)70,000 times. In one embodiment, a method of using a device 6 comprisesthe steps of: (a) charging the device from 1.25 volts to 2.5 volts at100 amps; (b) discharging the device to 1.25 volts; and (c) measuringless than a 5% drop in an initial capacitance of the device afterrepeating step (a) and step (b) 70,000 times.

In the embodiments that follow, it will be understood that reference tono-use and non-use of additive(s) in the manufacture of an energystorage device according to the present invention takes into accountthat electrolyte may be used during a final electrode electrolyteimmersion/impregnation step. An electrode electrolyteimmersion/impregnation step is typically utilized prior to providing afinal finished capacitor electrode in a sealed housing. Furthermore,even though additives, such as solvents, liquids, and the like, are notused in the manufacture of embodiments disclosed herein, duringmanufacture, a certain amount of impurity, for example, moisture, may beabsorbed or attach itself from a surrounding environment. Those skilledin the art will understand that the dry particles used with embodimentsand processes disclosed herein may also, prior to their being providedby particle manufacturers as dry particles, have themselves beenpre-processed with additives and, thus, comprise one or more pre-processresidue. For these reasons, despite the non-use of additives, one ormore of the embodiments and processes disclosed herein may require adrying step (which, if performed with embodiments of the presentinvention, can be much shorter than the drying steps of the prior art)prior to a final electrolyte impregnation step so as to remove/reducesuch aforementioned pre-process residues and impurities. It isidentified that even after one or more drying step, trace amounts of theaforementioned pre-process residues and impurities may be present in theprior art, as well as embodiments described herein.

In general, because both the prior art and embodiments of the presentinvention obtain base particles and materials from similarmanufacturers, and because they both may be exposed to similarpre-process environments, measurable amounts of prior art pre-processresidues and impurities may be similar in magnitude to those ofembodiments of the present invention, although variations may occur dueto differences in pre-processes, environmental effects, etc. In theprior art, the magnitude of such pre-process residues and impurities issmaller than that of the residues and impurities that remain and thatcan be measured after processing additives are used. This measurableamount of processing additive based residues and impurities can be usedas an indicator that processing additives have been used in a prior artenergy storage device product. The lack of such measurable amounts ofprocessing additive can as well be used to distinguish the non-use ofprocessing additives in embodiments of the present invention.

Table 1 indicates the results of a chemical analysis of a prior artelectrode film and an embodiment of a dry electrode film made inaccordance with principles disclosed further herein. The chemicalanalysis was conducted by Chemir Analytical Services, 2672 Metro Blvd.,Maryland Heights, Mo. 63043, Phone 314-291-6620. Two samples wereanalyzed with a first sample (Chemir 533572) comprised of finely groundpowder obtained from a prior art additive based electrode film soldunder the EXCELLERATOR™ brand of electrode film by W.L Gore &Associates, Inc. 401 Airport Rd., Elkton, Md. 21922, 410-392-444, whichin one embodiment is referenced under part number 102304. A secondsample (Chemir 533571) comprised a thin black sheet of material cut into⅛ to 1 inch sided irregularly shaped pieces obtained from a dry film 33(as discussed in FIG. 2 g below). The second sample (Chemir 533571)comprised a particle mixture of about 80% to 90% activated carbon, about0% to 15% conductive carbon, and about 3% to 15% PTFE binder by weight.Suitable carbon powders are available from a variety of sources,including YP-17 activated carbon particles sold by Kuraray Chemical Co.,LTD, Shin-hankyu Bldg. 9F Blvd. C-237, 1-12-39 Umeda, Kiata-ku, Osaka530-8611, Japan; and BP 2000 conductive particles sold by Cabot Corp.157 Concord Road, P.O. Box 7001, Billerica, Mass. 01821-7001, Phone: 978663-3455. A tared portion of prior art sample Chemir 53372 wastransferred to a quartz pyrolysis tube. The tube with its contents wasplaced inside of a pyrolysis probe. The probe was then inserted into avalved inlet of a gas chromatograph. The effluent of the column wasplumbed directly into a mass spectrometer that served as a detector.This configuration allowed the sample in the probe to be heated to apredetermined temperature causing volatile analytes to be swept by astream of helium gas into the gas into the gas chromatograph and throughthe analytical column, and to be detected by the mass spectrometer. Thepyrolysis probe was flash heated from ambient temperature at a rate of 5degrees C./millisecond to 250 degrees C. and held constant for 30seconds. The gas chromatograph was equipped with a 30 meter Agilent DB-5analytical column. The gas chromatograph oven temperature was asfollows: the initial temperature was held at 45 degrees C. for 5 minutesand then was ramped at 20 degrees C. to 300 degrees C. and held constantfor 12.5 minutes. A similar procedure was conducted for sample 53371 ofa dry film 33. Long chain branched hydrocarbon olefins were detected inboth samples, with 2086 parts per million (PPM) detected in the priorart sample, and with 493 PPM detected in dry film 33. Analytesdimethylamine and a substituted alkyl propanoate were detected in sampleChemir 53372 with 337 PPM and were not detected in sample Chemir 53371.It is envisioned that future analysis of other prior art additive basedelectrode films will provide similar results with which prior art use ofprocessing additives, or equivalently, the non-use of additives ofembodiments described herein, can be identified and distinguished.

One or more prior art additives, impurities, and residues that exist in,or are utilized by, and that may be present in lower quantities inembodiments of the present invention than the prior art, include:hydrocarbons, high boiling point solvents, antifoaming agents,surfactants, dispersion aids, water, pyrrolidone mineral spirits,ketones, naphtha, acetates, alcohols, glycols, toluene, xylene,Isopars™, plasticizers, and the like. TABLE 1 Pyrolysis GC/MS AnalysisRetention Chemir 53372 Time in Minutes Chemir 53371 (Prior Art) 1.65 0PPM 0 PPM 12.3 0 PPM 0 PPM 13.6 0 PPM Butylated hydroxyl toluene 337 PPM20.3 0 PPM 0 PPM 20.6 A long chain A long chain branched branchedhydrocarbon hydrocarbon olefin 493 PPM 2086 PPM

Referring now to FIG. 1 a, a block diagram illustrating a process formaking a dry particle based energy storage device is shown. As usedherein, the term “dry” implies non-use of additives during process stepsdescribed herein, other than during a final impregnating electrolytestep. The process shown in FIG. 1 a begins by blending dry carbonparticles and dry binder together. As previously discussed, one or moreof such dry carbon particles, as supplied by carbon particlemanufacturers for use herein, may have been pre-processed. Those skilledin the art will understand that depending on particle size, particlescan be described as powders and the like, and that reference toparticles is not meant to be limiting to the embodiments describedherein, which should be limited only by the appended claims or theirequivalents. For example, within the scope of the term “particles,” thepresent invention contemplates powders, spheres, platelets, flakes,fibers, nano-tubes and other particles with other dimensions and otheraspect ratios. In one embodiment, dry carbon particles as referencedherein refers to activated carbon particles 12 and/or conductiveparticles 14, and binder particles 16 as referenced herein refers to aninert dry binder. In one embodiment, conductive particles 14 compriseconductive carbon particles. In one embodiment, conductive particles 14comprise conductive graphite particles. In one embodiment, it isenvisioned that conductive particles 14 comprise a metal powder or thelike. In one embodiment, dry binder 16 comprises a fibrillizablefluoropolymer, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles.Other possible fibrillizable binders include ultra-high molecular weightpolypropylene, polyethylene, co-polymers, polymer blends and the like.It is understood that the present invention should not be limited by thedisclosed or suggested particles and binder, but rather, by the claimsthat follow. In one embodiment, particular mixtures of particles 12, 14,and binder 16 comprise about 50% to 99% activated carbon, about 0% to25% conductive carbon, and/or about 0.5% to 50% binder by weight. In amore particular embodiment, particle mixtures include about 80% to 90%activated carbon, about 0% to 15% conductive carbon, and about 3% to 15%binder by weight. In one embodiment, the activated carbon particles 12comprise a mean diameter of about 10 microns. In one embodiment, theconductive carbon particles 14 comprise diameters less than 20 microns.In one embodiment, the binder particles 16 comprise a mean diameter ofabout 450 microns. Suitable carbon powders are available from a varietyof sources, including YP-17 activated carbon particles sold by KurarayChemical Co., LTD, Shin-hankyu Bldg. 9F Blvd. C-237, 1-12-39 Umeda,Kiata-ku, Osaka 530-8611, Japan; and BP 2000 conductive particles soldby Cabot Corp. 157 Concord Road, P.O. Box 7001, Billerica, Mass.01821-7001, Phone: 978 663-3455.

In step 18, particles of activated carbon, conductive carbon, and binderprovided during respective steps 12, 14, and 16 are dry blended togetherto form a dry mixture. In one embodiment, dry particles 12, 14, and 16are blended for 1 to 10 minutes in a V-blender equipped with a highintensity mixing bar until a uniform dry mixture is formed. Thoseskilled in the art will identify that blending time can vary based onbatch size, materials, particle size, densities, as well as otherproperties, and yet remain within the scope of the present invention.With reference to blending step 18, in one embodiment, particle sizereduction and classification can be carried out as part of the blendingstep 18, or prior to the blending step 18. Size reduction andclassification may improve consistency and repeatability of theresulting blended mixture and, consequently, of the quality of theelectrode films and electrodes fabricated from the dry blended mixture.

After dry blending step 18, dry binder 16 within the dry particles isfibrillized in a dry fibrillizing step 20. The dry fibrillizing step 20is effectuated using a dry solventless and liquidless high sheartechnique. During dry fibrillizing step 20, high shear forces areapplied to dry binder 16 in order to physically stretch it. Thestretched binder forms a network of thin web-like fibers that act toenmesh, entrap, bind, and/or support the dry particles 12 and 14. In oneembodiment, fibrillizing step 20 may be effectuated using a jet-mill.

Referring to now to FIGS. 1 b, 1 c, and 1 d, there is seen,respectively, front, side, and top views of a jet-mill assembly 100 usedto perform a dry fibrillization step 20. For convenience, the jet-millassembly 100 is installed on a movable auxiliary equipment table 105,and includes indicators 110 for displaying various temperatures and gaspressures that arise during operation. A gas input connector 115receives compressed air from an external supply and routes thecompressed air through internal tubing (not shown) to a feed air hose120 and a grind air hose 125, which both lead and are connected to ajet-mill 130. The jet-mill 130 includes: (1) a funnel-like materialreceptacle device 135 that receives compressed feed air from the feedair hose 120, and the blended carbon-binder mixture of step 18 from afeeder 140; (2) an internal grinding chamber where the carbon-bindermixture material is processed; and (3) an output connection 145 forremoving the processed material. In the illustrated embodiment, thejet-mill 130 is a 4-inch Micronizere model available from Sturtevant,Inc., 348 Circuit Street, Hanover, Mass. 02339; telephone number (781)829-6501. The feeder 140 is an AccuRate® feeder with a digital dialindicator model 302M, available from Schenck AccuRate®, 746 E. MilwaukeeStreet, P.O. Box 208, Whitewater, Wis. 53190; telephone number (888)742-1249. The feeder includes the following components: a 0.33 cubic ft.internal hopper; an external paddle agitation flow aid; a 1.0-inch, fullpitch, open flight feed screw; a % hp, 90VDC, 1,800 rpm, TENV electricmotor drive; an internal mount controller with a variable speed, 50:1turndown ratio; and a 110 Volt, single-phase, 60 Hz power supply with apower cord. The feeder 140 dispenses the carbon-binder mixture providedby step 18 at a preset rate. The rate is set using the digital dial,which is capable of settings between 0 and 999, linearly controlling thefeeder operation. The highest setting of the feeder dial corresponds toa feeder output of about 12 kg per hour.

The feeder 140 appears in FIGS. 1 b and 1 d, but has been omitted fromFIG. 1 c, to prevent obstruction of view of other components of thejet-mill 130. The compressed air used in the jet-mill assembly 100 isprovided by a combination 200 of a compressor 205 and a compressed airstorage tank 210, illustrated in FIGS. 1 e and 1 f; FIG. 1 e is a frontview and FIG. 1 f is a top view of the combination 200. The compressor205 used in this embodiment is a GA 30-55C model available from AtlasCopco Compressors, Inc., 161 Lower Westfield Road, Holyoke, Mass. 01040;telephone number (413) 536-0600. The compressor 205 includes thefollowing features and components: air supply capacity of 180 standardcubic feet per minute (“SCFM”) at 125 PSIG; a 40-hp, 3-phase, 60 HZ, 460VAC premium efficiency motor; a WYE-delta reduced voltage starter;rubber isolation pads; a refrigerated air dryer; air filters and acondensate separator; an air cooler with an outlet 206; and an aircontrol and monitoring panel 207. The 180-SCFM capacity of thecompressor 205 is more than sufficient to supply the 4-inch Micronizer®jet-mill 130, which is rated at 55 SCFM. The compressed air storage-tank210 is a 400-gallon receiver tank with a safety valve, an automaticdrain valve, and a pressure gauge. The compressor 205 providescompressed air to the tank 205 through a compressed air outlet valve206, a hose 215, and a tank inlet valve 211.

It is identified that the compressed air provided under high-pressure bycompressor 205 is preferably as dry as possible. Thus, in oneembodiment, an appropriately placed in-line filter and/or dryer may beadded. In one embodiment, a range of acceptable dew point for the air isabout −20 to −40 degrees F., and a water content of less than 20 ppm.Although discussed as being effectuated by high-pressure air, it isunderstood that other sufficiently dry gases are envisioned as beingused to fibrillize binder particles utilized in embodiments of thepresent invention, for example, oxygen, nitrogen, helium, and the like.

In the jet-mill 130, the carbon-binder mixture is inspired by venturiand transferred by the compressed feed air into a grinding chamber,where the fibrillization of the mixture takes place. In one embodiment,the grinding chamber is lined with a ceramic such that abrasion of theinternal walls of the jet-mill is minimized and so as to maintain purityof the resulting jet-milled carbon-binder mixture. The grinding chamber,which has a generally cylindrical shape, includes one or more nozzlesplaced circumferentially. The nozzles discharge the compressed grind airthat is supplied by the grind air hose 125. The compressed air jetsinjected by the nozzles accelerate the carbon-binder particles and causepredominantly particle-to-particle collisions, although someparticle-wall collisions also take place. The collisions dissipate theenergy of the compressed air relatively quickly, fibrillizing the drybinder 16 within the mixture and embedding carbon particle 12 and 14aggregates and agglomerates into the lattice formed by the fibrillizedbinder. The collisions may also cause size reduction of the carbonaggregates and agglomerates. The colliding particles 12, 14, and 16spiral towards the center of the grinding chamber and exit the chamberthrough the output connection 145.

Referring now to FIGS. 1 g and 1 h, there are seen front and top views,respectively, of the jet-mill assembly 100, a dust collector 160, and acollection container 170 (further referenced in FIG. 2 a as container20). In one embodiment, the fibrillized carbon-binder particles thatexit through the output connection 145 are guided by a discharge hose175 from the jet-mill 130 into a dust collector 160. In the illustratedembodiment, the dust collector 160 is model CL-7-36-11 available fromUltra Industries, Inc., 1908 DeKoven Avenue, Racine, Wis. 53403;telephone number (262) 633-5070. Within the dust collector 160 theoutput of the jet-mill 130 is separated into (1) air, and (2) a dryfibrillized carbon-binder particle mixture 20. The carbon-binder mixtureis collected in the container 170, while the air is filtered by one ormore filters and then discharged. The filters, which may be internal orexternal to the dust collector 160, are periodically cleaned, and thedust is discarded. Operation of the dust collector is directed from acontrol panel 180.

It has been identified that a dry compounded material, which is providedby dry fibrillization step 20, retains its homogeneous particle likeproperties for a limited period of time. In one embodiment, because offorces, for example, gravitational forces exerted on the dry particles12, 14, and 16, the compounded material begins to settle such thatspaces and voids that exist between the dry particles 12, 14, 16 afterstep 20 gradually become reduced in volume. In one embodiment, after arelatively short period of time, for example 10 minutes or so, the dryparticles 12, 14, 16 compact together and begin to form clumps or chunkssuch that the homogeneous properties of the compounded material may bediminished and/or such that downstream processes that require freeflowing compounded materials are made more difficult or impossible toachieve. Accordingly, in one embodiment, it is identified that a drycompounded material as provided by step 20 should be utilized before itshomogeneous properties are no longer sufficiently present and/or thatsteps are taken to keep the compounded material sufficiently aerated toavoid clumping.

It should be noted that the specific processing components described sofar may vary as long as the intent of the embodiments described hereinis achieved. For example, techniques and machinery that are envisionedfor potential use to provide high shear forces to effectuate a dryfibrillization step 20 include jet-milling, pin milling, impactpulverization, and hammer milling, and other techniques and apparatus.Further in example, a wide selection of dust collectors can be used inalternative embodiments, ranging from simple free-hanging socks tocomplicated housing designs with cartridge filters or pulse-cleanedbags. Similarly, other feeders can be easily substituted in the assembly100, including conventional volumetric feeders, loss-weight volumetricfeeders, and vibratory feeders. The size, make, and other parameters ofthe jet-mill 130 and the compressed air supply apparatus (the compressor205 and the compressed air storage tank 210) may also vary and yet bewithin the scope of the present invention.

The present inventors have performed a number of experiments toinvestigate the effects of three factors in the operation of jet-millassembly 100 on qualities of the dry compounded material provided by dryfibrillization step 20, and on compacted/calendered electrode filmsfabricated therefrom. The three factors are these: (1) feed airpressure, (2) grind air pressure, and (3) feed rate. The observedqualities included tensile strength in width (i.e., in the directiontransverse to the direction of movement of a dry electrode film in ahigh-pressure calender during a compacting process); tensile strength inlength (i.e., in the direction of the dry film movement); resistivity ofthe jet-mill processed mixture provided by dry fibrillization step 20;internal resistance of electrodes made from the dry electrode film in adouble layer capacitor application; and specific capacitance achieved ina double layer capacitor application. Resistance and specificcapacitance values were obtained for both charge (up) and discharge(down) capacitor cycles.

The design of experiments (“DOE”) included a three-factorial, eightexperiment investigation performed with dry electrode films dried for 3hours under vacuum conditions at 160 degrees Celsius. Five or sixsamples were produced in each of the experiments, and values measured onthe samples of each experiment were averaged to obtain a more reliableresult. The three-factorial experiments included the following pointsfor the three factors:

1. Feed rate was set to indications of 250 and 800 units on the feederdial used. Recall that the feeder rate has a linear dependence on thedial settings, and that a full-scale setting of 999 corresponds to arate of production of about 12 kg per hour (and therefore asubstantially similar material consumption rate). Thus, settings of 250units corresponded to a feed rate of about 3 kg per hour, while settingsof 800 units corresponded to a feed rate of about 9.6 kg per hour. Inaccordance with the standard vernacular used in the theory of design ofexperiments, in the accompanying tables and graphs the former setting isdesignated as a “0” point, and the latter setting is designated as a “1”point.

2. The grind air pressure was set alternatively to 85 psi and 110 psi,corresponding, respectively, to “0” and “1” points in the accompanyingtables and graphs.

3. The feed air pressure (also known as inject air pressure) was set to60 and 70 psi, corresponding, respectively, to “0” and “1” points.

Turning first to tensile strength measurements, strips of standard widthwere prepared from each sample, and the tensile strength measurement ofeach sample was normalized to a one-mil thickness. The results fortensile strength measurements in length and in width appear in Tables 2and 3 below. TABLE 2 Tensile Strength in Length FACTORS SAMPLE TENSILENORMALIZED )Feed Rate, Grind DOE THICKNESS STRENGTH IN TENSILE STRENGTHExp. No. psi, Feed psi) POINTS (mil) LENGTH (grams) IN LENGTH (g/mil) 1250/85/60 0/0/0 6.1 123.00 20.164 2 250/85/70 0/0/1 5.5 146.00 26.545 3250/110/60 0/1/0 6.2 166.00 26.774 4 250/110/70 0/1/1 6.1 108.00 17.7055 800/85/60 1/0/0 6.0 132.00 22.000 6 800/85/70 1/0/1 5.8 145.00 25.0007 800/110/60 1/1/0 6.0 135.00 22.500 8 800/110/70 1/1/1 6.2 141.0022.742

TABLE 3 Tensile Strength in Width Factors Sample Tensile Normalized(Feed Rate, Grind DOE Thickness Strength in Tensile Strength Exp. Nopsi, Feed psi) Points (mil) Length (grams) in Length (g/mil) 1 250/85/600/0/0 6.1 63.00 10.328 2 250/85/70 0/0/1 5.5 66.00 12.000 3 250/110/600/1/0 6.2 77.00 12.419 4 250/110/70 0/1/1 6.1 59.00 9.672 5 800/85/601/0/0 6.0 58.00 9.667 6 800/85/70 1/0/1 5.8 70.00 12.069 7 800/110/601/1/0 6.0 61.00 10.167 8 800/110/70 1/1/1 6.2 63.00 10.161

Table 4 below presents resistivity measurements of a jet-mill-dry blendof particles provided by dry fibrillization step 20. Note that theresistivity measurements were taken before the mixture was processedinto a dry electrode film. TABLE 4 Dry Resistance DRY Factors DOERESISTANCE Exp. No. (Feed Rate, Grind psi, Feed psi) Points (Ohms) 1250/85/60 0/0/0 0.267 2 250/85/70 0/0/1 0.229 3 250/110/60 0/1/0 0.221 4250/110/70 0/1/1 0.212 5 800/85/60 1/0/0 0.233 6 800/85/70 1/0/1 0.208 7800/110/60 1/1/0 0.241 8 800/110/70 1/1/1 0.256

Referring now to FIGS. 1 i, 1 j, and 1 k, there are illustrated theeffects of the three factors on the tensile strength in length, tensilestrength in width, and dry resistivity. Note that each end-point for aparticular factor line (i.e., the feed rate line, grind pressure line,or inject pressure line) on a graph corresponds to a measured value ofthe quality parameter (i.e., tensile strength or resistivity) averagedover all experiments with the particular key factor held at either “0”or “1,” as the case may be. Thus, the “0” end-point of the feed rateline (the left most point) represents the tensile strength averaged overexperiments numbered 1-4, while the “1” end-point on the same linerepresents the tensile strength averaged over experiments numbered 4-8.As can be seen from FIGS. 1 i and 1 j, increasing the inject pressurehas a moderate to large positive effect on the tensile strength of anelectrode film. At the same time, increasing the inject pressure has thelargest effect on the dry resistance of the powder mixture, swamping theeffects of the feed rate and grind pressure. The dry resistancedecreases with increasing the inject pressure. Thus, all three qualitiesbenefit from increasing the inject pressure.

In Table 5 below we present data for final capacitances measured indouble-layer capacitors utilizing dry electrode films made from dryfibrillized particles as described herein by each of the 8 experiments,averaged over the sample size of each experiment. Note that C_(up)refers to the capacitances measured when charging double-layercapacitors, while C_(down) values were measured when discharging thecapacitors. As in the case of tensile strength data, the capacitanceswere normalized to the thickness of the electrode film. In this case,however, the thicknesses have changed, because the dry film hasundergone compression in a high-pressure nip during the process ofbonding the film to a current collector. It is noted in obtaining theparticular results of Table 5, the dry electrode film was bonded to acurrent collector by an intermediate layer of adhesive. Normalizationwas carried out to the standard thickness of 0.150 millimeters. TABLE 5C_(up) and C_(down) Factors Sample Normalized NORMALIZED (Feed Rate,Grind DOE Thickness C_(up) C_(up) C_(down) C_(down) Exp. No. psi, Feedpsi) Points (mm) (Farads) (Farads) (Farads) (Farads) 1 250/85/60 0/0/00.149 1.09 1.097 1.08 1.087 2 250/85/70 0/0/1 0.133 0.98 1.105 0.971.094 3 250/110/60 0/1/0 0.153 1.12 1.098 1.11 1.088 4 250/110/70 0/1/10.147 1.08 1.102 1.07 1.092 5 800/85/60 1/0/0 0.148 1.07 1.084 1.061.074 6 800/85/70 1/0/1 0.135 1.00 1.111 0.99 1.100 7 800/110/60 1/1/00.150 1.08 1.080 1.07 1.070 8 800/110/70 1/1/1 0.153 1.14 1.118 1.141.118

In Table 6 we present data for resistances measured in each of the 8experiments, averaged over the sample size of each experiment. Similarlyto the previous table, R_(up) designates resistance values measured whencharging double-layer capacitors, while R_(down) refers to resistancevalues measured when discharging the capacitors. TABLE 6 R_(up) andR_(down) Factors (Feed Rate, Sample Electrode Electrode Exp. Grind psi,DOE Thickness Resistance Resistance No. Feed psi) Points (mm) R_(up)(Ohms) R_(down) (Ohms) 1 250/85/60 0/0/0 0.149 1.73 1.16 2 250/85/700/0/1 0.133 1.67 1.04 3 250/110/60 0/1/0 0.153 1.63 1.07 4 250/110/700/1/1 0.147 1.64 1.07 5 800/85/60 1/0/0 0.148 1.68 1.11 6 800/85/701/0/1 0.135 1.60 1.03 7 800/110/60 1/1/0 0.150 1.80 1.25 8 800/110/701/1/1 0.153 1.54 1.05

To help visualize the above data and identify the data trends, wepresent FIGS. 1 m and 1 n, which graphically illustrate the relativeimportance of the three factors on the resulting R_(down) and normalizedC_(up). Note that in FIG. 1 m the Feed Rate and the Grind Pressure linesare substantially coincident.

Once again, increasing the inject pressure benefits both electroderesistance R_(down) (lowering it), and the normalized capacitance C_(up)(increasing it). Moreover, the effect of the inject pressure is greaterthan the effects of the other two factors. In fact, the effect of theinject pressure on the normalized capacitance overwhelms the effects ofthe feed rate and the grind pressure factors, at least for the factorranges investigated.

Additional data has been obtained relating C_(up) and R_(down) tofurther increases in the inject pressure. Here, the feed rate and thegrind pressure were kept constant at 250 units and 110 psi,respectively, while the inject pressure during production was set to 70psi, 85 psi, and 100 psi. Bar graphs in FIG. 1 p illustrate these data.As can be seen from these graphs, the normalized capacitance C_(up) waslittle changed with increasing inject pressure beyond a certain point,while electrode resistance displayed a drop of several percentage pointswhen the inject pressure was increased from 85 psi to 100 psi. Theinventors herein believe that increasing the inject pressure beyond 100psi would further improve electrode performance, particularly bydecreasing internal electrode resistance.

Although dry blending 18 and dry fibrillization step 20 have beendiscussed herein as two separate steps that utilize multiple apparatus,it is envisioned that steps 18 and 20 could be conducted in one stepwherein one apparatus receives dry particles 12, 14, and/or 16 asseparate streams to mix the particles and thereafter fibrillize theparticles. Accordingly, it is understood that the embodiments hereinshould not be limited by steps 18 and 20, but by the claims that follow.Furthermore, the preceding paragraphs describe in considerable detailinventive methods for dry fibrillizing carbon and binder mixtures tofabricate dry films, however, neither the specific embodiments of theinvention as a whole, nor those of its individual features should limitthe general principles described herein, which should be limited only bythe claims that follow.

It is identified that, in order to form a self supporting dry film withadequate physical as well as electrical properties for use in acapacitor as described further herein, sufficiently high shear forcesare needed. In contrast to the additive-based prior art fibrillizationsteps, the present invention provides such shear forces without usingprocessing aides or additives. Furthermore, with the present inventionno additives are used before, during, or after application of the shearforces. Numerous benefits derive from non-use of prior art additivesincluding: reduction of process steps and processing apparatus, increasein throughput and performance, the elimination or substantial reductionof residue and impurities that can derive from the use of additives andadditive-based process steps, as well as other benefits that arediscussed or that can be understood by those skilled in the art from thedescription of the embodiments that follows.

Referring back to FIG. 1 a, the illustrated process also includes steps21 and 23, wherein dry conductive particles 21 and dry binder 23 areblended in a dry blend step 19. Step 19, as well as possible step 26,also do not utilize additives before, during, or after the steps. In oneembodiment, dry conductive particles 21 comprise conductive carbonparticles. In one embodiment, dry conductive particles 21 compriseconductive graphite particles. In one embodiment, it is envisioned thatconductive particles may comprise a metal powder of the like. In oneembodiment, dry binder 23 comprises a dry thermoplastic material. In oneembodiment, the dry binder comprises non-fibrillizable fluoropolymer. Inone embodiment, dry binder 23 comprises polyethylene particles. In oneembodiment, dry binder 23 comprises polypropylene or polypropylene oxideparticles. In one embodiment, the thermoplastic material is selectedfrom polyolefin classes of thermoplastic known to those skilled in theart. Other thermoplastics of interest and envisioned for potential useinclude homo and copolymers, olefinic oxides, rubbers, butadienerubbers, nitrile rubbers, polyisobutylene, poly(vinylesters),poly(vinylacetates), polyacrylate, fluorocarbon polymers, with a choiceof thermoplastic dictated by its melting point, metal adhesion, andelectrochemical and solvent stability in the presence of a subsequentlyused electrolyte. In other embodiments, thermoset and/or radiation settype binders are envisioned as being useful. The present invention,therefore, should not be limited by the disclosed and suggested binders,but only by the claims that follow.

As has been stated, a deficiency in the additive-based prior art is thatresidues of additive, impurities, and the like remain, even after one ormore long drying step(s). The existence of such residues is undesirablefor long-term reliability when a subsequent electrolyte impregnationstep is performed to activate an energy storage device electrode. Forexample, when an acetonitrile-based electrolyte is used, chemical and/orelectrochemical interactions between the acetonitrile and residues andimpurities can cause undesired destructive chemical processes in, and/ora swelling of, an energy storage device electrode. Other electrolytes ofinterest include carbonate-based electrolytes (ethylene carbonate,propylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate), alkaline (KOH, NaOH), or acidic(H2SO4) water solutions. It is identified when processing additives aresubstantially reduced or eliminated from the manufacture of energystorage device structures, as with one or more of the embodimentsdisclosed herein, the prior art undesired destructive chemical and/orelectrochemical processes and swelling caused by the interactions ofresidues and impurities with electrolyte are substantially reduced oreliminated.

In one embodiment, dry carbon particles 21 and dry binder particles 23are used in a ratio of about 40%-60% binder to about 40%-60% conductivecarbon by weight. In step 19, dry carbon particles 21 and dry bindermaterial 23 are dry blended in a V-blender for about 5 minutes. In oneembodiment, the conductive carbon particles 21 comprise a mean diameterof about 10 microns. In one embodiment, the binder particles 23 comprisea mean diameter of about 10 microns or less. Other particle sizes arealso within the scope of the invention, and should be limited only bythe scope of the claims. In one embodiment, (further disclosed by FIG. 2a), the blend of dry particles provided in step 19 is used in a dry feedstep 22. In one embodiment (further disclosed by FIG. 2 g), the blend ofdry particles in step 19 may be used in a dry feed step 29, instead ofdry feed step 22. In order to improve suspension and characteristics ofparticles provided by container 19, a small amount of fibrillizablebinder (for example binder 16) may be introduced into the mix of the drycarbon particles 21 and dry binder particles 23, and dry fibrillized inan added dry fibrillization step 26 prior to a respective dry feed step22 or 29.

Referring now to FIG. 2 a, and preceding Figures as needed, there isseen one or more apparatus used for forming one or more energy devicestructure. In one embodiment, in step 22, the respective separatemixtures of dry particles formed in steps 19 and 20 are provided torespective containers 19 and 20. In one embodiment, dry particles fromcontainer 19 are provided in a ratio of about 1 gram to about 100 gramsfor every 1000 grams of dry particles provided by container 20. Thecontainers are positioned above a device 41 of a variety used by thoseskilled in the art to compact and/or calender materials into sheets. Thecompacting and/or calendering function provided by device 41 can beachieved by a roll-mill, calender, a belt press, a flat plate press, andthe like, as well as others known to those skilled in the art. Thus,although shown in a particular configuration, those skilled in the artwill understand that variations and other embodiments of device 41 couldbe provided to achieve one or more of the benefits and advantagesdescribed herein, which should be limited only by the claims thatfollow.

Referring now to FIG. 2 b, and preceding Figures as needed, there isseen an apparatus used for forming one or more electrode structure. Asshown in FIG. 2 b, the dry particles in containers 19 and 20 are fed asfree flowing dry particles to a high-pressure nip of a roll-mill 32. Asthey are fed towards the nip, the separate streams of dry particlesbecome intermixed and begin to loose their freedom of motion. It isidentified that use of relatively small particles in one or more of theembodiments disclosed herein enables that good particle mixing and highpacking densities can be achieved and that a concomitant lowerresistivity may be achieved as a result. The degree of intermixing canbe to an extent determined by process requirements and accordingly madeadjustments. For example, a separating blade 35 can be adjusted in botha vertical and/or a horizontal direction to change a degree of desiredintermixing between the streams of dry particles. The speed of rotationof each roll may be different or the same as determined by processrequirements. A resulting intermixed compacted dry film 34 exits fromthe roll-mill 32 and is self-supporting after only one compacting passthrough the roll-mill 32. The ability to provide a self supporting filmin one pass eliminates numerous folding steps and multiplecompacting/calendering steps that in prior art embodiments are used tostrengthen films to give them the tensile strength needed for subsequenthandling and processing. Because the intermixed dry film 34 can besufficiently self supporting after one pass through roll-mill 32, it caneasily and quickly be formed into one long integral continuous sheet,which can be rolled for subsequent use in a commercial scale manufactureprocess. The dry film 34 can be formed as a self-supporting sheet thatis limited in length only by the capacity of the rewinding equipment. Inone embodiment, the dry film is between 0.1 and 5000 meters long.Compared to some prior art additive based films which are described asnon-self supporting and/or small finite area films, the dryself-supporting films described herein are more economically suited forlarge scale commercial manufacture.

Referring now to FIG. 2 c, and preceding Figures as needed, there isseen a diagram representing the degree of intermixing that occursbetween particles from containers 19 and 20. In FIG. 2 c, a crosssection of intermixed dry particles at the point of application to thehigh-pressure nip of roll-mill 32 is represented, with “T” being anoverall thickness of the intermixed dry film 34 at a point of exit fromthe high-pressure nip. The curve in FIG. 2 c represents the relativeconcentration/amount of a particular dry particle at a given thicknessof the dry film 34, as measured from a right side of the dry film 34 inFIG. 2 b (y-axis thickness is thickness of film, and x-axis is relativeconcentration/amount of a particular dry particle). For example, at agiven thickness measured from the right side of the dry film 34, theamount of a type of dry particle from container 19 (as a percentage ofthe total intermixed dry particles that generally exists at a particularthickness) can be represented by an X-axis value “I”. As illustrated, ata zero thickness of the dry film 34 (represented at zero height alongthe Y-axis), the percentage of dry binder particles “I” from container19 will be at a maximum, and at a thickness approaching “T”, thepercentage of dry particles from container 19 will approach zero.

Referring now to FIG. 2 d, and preceding Figures as needed, there isseen a diagram illustrating a distribution of the sizes of dry binderand carbon particles. In one embodiment, the size distribution of drybinder and carbon particles provided by container 19 may be representedby a curve with a centralized peak, with the peak of the curverepresenting a peak quantity of dry particles with a particular particlesize, and the sides of the peak representing lesser amounts of dryparticles with lesser and greater particle sizes. In drycompacting/calendering step 24, the intermixed dry particles provided bystep 22 are compacted by the roll-mill 32 to form the dry film 34 intoan intermixed dry film. In one embodiment, the dry particles fromcontainer 19 are intermixed within a particular thickness of theresulting dry film 34 such that at any given distance within thethickness, the size distribution of the dry particles 19 is the same orsimilar to that existing prior to application of the dry particles tothe roll-mill 32 (i.e. as illustrated by FIG. 2 d). A similar type ofintermixing of the dry particles from container 20 also occurs withinthe dry film 34 (not shown).

In one embodiment, the process described by FIGS. 2 a-d is performed atan operating temperature, wherein the temperature can vary according tothe type of dry binder selected for use in steps 16 and 23, but suchthat the temperature is less than the melting point of the dry binder 23and/or is sufficient to soften the dry binder 16. In one embodiment, itis identified that when dry binder particles 23 with a melting point of150 degrees are used in step 23, the operating temperature at theroll-mill 32 is about 100 degrees centigrade. In other embodiments, thedry binder in step 23 may be selected to comprise a melting point thatvaries within a range of about 50 degrees centigrade and about 350degrees centigrade, with appropriate changes made to the operatingtemperature at the nip.

The resulting dry film 34 can be separated from the roll-mill 32 using adoctor blade, or the edge of a thin strip of plastic or other separationmaterial, including metal or paper. Once the leading edge of the dryfilm 34 is removed from the nip, the weight of the self-supporting dryfilm and film tension can act to separate the remaining exiting dry film34 from the roll-mill 32. The self-supporting dry film 34 can be fedthrough a tension control system 36 into a calender 38. The calender 38may further compact and densify the dry film 34. Additional calenderingsteps can be used to further reduce the dry film's thickness and toincrease tensile strength. In one embodiment, dry film 34 comprises acalendered density of about 0.50 to 0.70 gm/cm².

Referring now to FIGS. 2 e-f, there are seen carbon particlesencapsulated by dissolved binder of the prior art, and dry carbonparticles attached to dry binder of the present invention, respectively.In the prior art, capillary type forces caused by the presence ofsolvents diffuse dissolved binder particles in a wet slurry basedadhesive/binder layer into an attached additive-based electrode filmlayer. In the prior art, carbon particles within the electrode layerbecome completely encapsulated by the diffused dissolved binder, whichwhen dried couples the adhesive/binder and electrode film layerstogether. Subsequent drying of the solvent results in an interfacebetween the two layers whereat carbon particles within the electrodelayer are prevented by the encapsulating binder from conducting, therebyundesirably causing an increased interfacial resistance. In the priorart, the extent to which binder particles from the adhesive/binder layerare present within the electrode film layer becomes limited by the sizeof the particles comprising each layer, for example, as when relativelylarge particles comprising the wet adhesive/binder layer are blockedfrom diffusing into tightly compacted particles of the attachedadditive-based electrode film layer.

In contrast to the prior art, particles from containers 19 and 20 arebecome intermixed within dry film 34 such that each can be identified toexist within a thickness “T” of the dry film with a particularconcentration gradient. One concentration gradient associated withparticles from container 19 is at a maximum at the right side of theintermixed dry film 34 and decreases when measured towards the left sideof the intermixed dry film 34, and a second concentration gradientassociated with particles from container 20 is at a maximum at the leftside of the intermixed dry film 34 and decreases when measured towardsthe right side of the intermixed dry film 34. The opposing gradients ofparticles provided by container 19 and 20 overlap such thatfunctionality provided by separate layers of the prior art may beprovided by one dry film 34 of the present invention. In one embodiment,a gradient associated with particles from container 20 providesfunctionality similar to that of a separate prior art additive basedelectrode film layer, and the gradient associated with particles fromcontainer 19 provides functionality similar to that of a separate priorart additive based adhesive/binder layer. The present invention enablesthat equal distributions of all particle sizes can be smoothlyintermixed (i.e. form a smooth gradient) within the intermixed dry film34. It is understood that with appropriate adjustments to blade 35, thegradient of dry particles 19 within the dry film 34 can be made topenetrate across the entire thickness of the dry film, or to penetrateto only within a certain thickness of the dry film. In one embodiment,the penetration of the gradient of dry particles 19 is about 5 to 15microns. In part, due to the gradient of dry particles 19 that can becreated within dry film 34 by the aforementioned intermixing, it isidentified that a lesser amount of dry particles need be utilized toprovide a surface of the dry film with a particular adhesive property,than if dry particles 19 and dry particles 20 were pre-mixed throughoutthe dry film.

In the prior art, subsequent application of electrolyte to an additivebased two-layer adhesive/binder and electrode film combination may causethe binder, additive residues, and impurities within the layers todissolve and, thus, the two-layers to eventually degrade and/ordelaminate. In contrast, because the binder particles of the presentinvention are distributed evenly within the dry film according to theirgradient, and/or because no additives are used, and/or because thebinder particles may be selected to be substantially impervious,insoluble, and/or inert to a wide class of additives and/or electrolyte,such destructive delamination and degradation can be substantiallyreduced or eliminated.

The present invention provides one intermixed dry film 34 such that thesmooth transitions of the overlapping gradients of intermixed particlesprovided by containers 19 and 20 allow that minimized interfacialresistance is created. Because the dry binder particles 23 are notsubject to and/or do not dissolve during intermixing, they do notcompletely encapsulate particles 12, 14, and 21. Rather, as shown inFIG. 2 f, after compacting, and/or calendaring, and/or heating steps,dry binder particles 23 become softened sufficiently such that theyattach themselves to particles 12, 14, and 21. Because the dry binderparticles 23 are not completely dissolved as occurs in the prior art,the particles 23 become attached in a manner that leaves a certainamount of surface area of the particles 12, 14, and 21 exposed; anexposed surface area of a dry conductive particle can therefore makedirect contact with surface areas of other conductive particles. Becausedirect conductive particle-to-particle contact is not substantiallyimpeded by use of dry binder particles 23, an improved interfacialresistance over that of the prior art binder encapsulated conductiveparticles can be achieved.

The intermixed dry film 34 also exhibits dissimilar and asymmetricsurface properties at opposing surfaces, which contrasts to the priorart, wherein similar surface properties exist at opposing sides of eachof the separate adhesive/binder and electrode layers. The asymmetricsurface properties of dry film 34 may be used to facilitate improvedbonding and electrical contact to a subsequently used current collector(FIG. 3 below). For example, when bonded to a current collector, the onedry film 34 of the present invention introduces only one distinctinterface between the current collector and the dry film 34, whichcontrasts to the prior art, wherein a distinct first interfacialresistance boundary exists between a collector and additive basedadhesive/binder layer interface, and wherein a second distinctinterfacial resistance boundary exists between an additive-basedadhesive/binder layer and additive-based electrode layer interface.

Referring now to FIG. 2 g, and preceding Figures as needed, there isseen one or more apparatus used for the manufacture of one or morestructure described herein. FIG. 2 g illustrates apparatus similar tothat of FIG. 2 a, except that container 19 is positioned downstream fromcontainer 20. In one embodiment, in a step 29, the dry particlesprovided by container 19 are fed towards a high-pressure nip 38. Byproviding dry particles from steps 19 and 20 at two different points ina calender apparatus, it is identified that the temperature at each stepof the process may be controlled to take into account differentsoftening/melting points of dry particles that may be provided by steps19 and 20.

In FIG. 2 g, container 19 is disposed to provide dry particles 19 onto adry film 33. In FIG. 2 g, container 20 comprises dry particles 12, 14,and 16, which are dry fibrillized and provided to container 20 inaccordance with principles described above. A dry free flowing mixturefrom container 20 may be compacted to provide the dry film 33 to beself-supporting after one pass through a compacting apparatus, forexample roll-mill 32. The self-supporting continuous dry film 33 can bestored and rolled for later use as an energy device electrode film, ormay be used in combination with dry particles provided by container 19.For example, as in FIG. 2 g, dry adhesive/binder particles comprising afree flowing mixture of dry conductive carbon 21 and dry binder 23 fromcontainer 19 may be fed towards dry film 33. In one embodiment, scattercoating equipment similar to that used in textile and non-woven fabricindustries is contemplated for dispersion of the dry particles onto dryfilm 33. In one embodiment, the dry film 33 is formed from dry particles12, 14, 16 as provided by container 20. The dry particles from container19 may be compacted and/or calendared against and within the dry film 33to form a subsequent dry film 34, wherein the dry particles are embeddedand intermixed within the dry film 34. Through choice of location ofcontainers 19 and 20, separating blade 35, powder feed-rate, roll speedratios, and/or surface of rolls, it is identified that the interfacebetween dry particles provided to form a dry particle based electrodefilm may be appropriately varied. An embedded/intermixed dry film 34 maybe subsequently attached to a collector or wound onto a storage roll 48for subsequent use.

Alternative means, methods, steps, and setups to those disclosed hereinare also within the scope of the present invention and should be limitedonly by the appended claims or their equivalents. For example, in oneembodiment, instead of the self supporting continuous dry film 33described herein, a commercially available prior art additive-basedelectrode film could be provided for subsequent calendering togetherwith dry particles provided by the container 19 of FIG. 2 g. Although aresulting two-layer film made in this manner would be at least in partadditive based, and could undesirably interact with subsequently usedelectrolyte, such a two-layer film would nevertheless not need toutilize, or be subject to the limitations associated with, a prior artslurry based adhesive/binder layer. In one embodiment, instead of thecontinuous dry film 33 of FIG. 2 g, a heated collector (not shown) couldbe provided, against which dry particles from container 19 couldcalendered. Such a combination of collector and adhered dry particlesfrom container 19 could be stored and provided for later attachment to aseparately provided electrode layer, which with appropriate apparatuscould be heat calendered to attach the dry binder 23 in dry particlesprovided by container 19 to the collector.

Referring to FIG. 3, and preceding Figures as needed, there is seen anapparatus used to bond a dry process based film to a current collector.In step 28, a dry film 34 is bonded to a current collector 50. In oneembodiment, the current collector comprises an etched or roughenedaluminum sheet, foil, mesh, screen, porous substrate, or the like. Inone embodiment, the current collector comprises a metal, for example,copper, aluminum, silver, gold, and the like. In one embodiment, currentcollector comprises a thickness of about 30 microns. Those skilled inthe art will recognize that if the electrochemical potential allows,other metals could also be used as a collector 50.

In one embodiment, a current collector 50 and two dry film(s) 34 are fedfrom storage rolls 48 into a heated roll-mill 52 such that the currentcollector 50 is positioned between two self-supporting dry films 34. Inone embodiment, the current collector 50 may be pre-heated by a heater79. The temperature of the heated roll-mill 52 may be used to heat andsoften the dry binder 23 within the two intermixed dry films 34 suchthat good adhesion of the dry films to the collector 50 is effectuated.In one embodiment, a roll-mill 52 temperature of at the nip of the rollis between 100° C. and 300° C. In one embodiment, the nip pressure isselected between 50 pounds per linear inch (PLI) and 1000 PLI. Eachintermixed dry film 34 becomes calendared and bonded to a side of thecurrent collector 50. The two dry intermixed films 34 are fed into thehot roll nip 52 from storage roll(s) 48 in a manner that positions thepeak of the gradients formed by the dry particles from container 19directly against the current collector 50 (i.e. right side of a dry film34 illustrated in FIG. 2 b). After exiting the hot roll nip 52, it isidentified that the resulting calendared dry film and collector productcan be provided as a dry electrode 54 for use in an energy storagedevice, for example, as a double-layer capacitor electrode. In oneembodiment, the dry electrode 54 can be S-wrapped over chill rolls 56 toset the dry film 34 onto the collector 50. The resulting dry electrode54 can then be collected onto another storage roll 58. Tension controlsystems 51 can also be employed by the system shown in FIG. 3.

Other means, methods, and setups for bonding of films to a currentcollector 50 can be used to form energy storage device electrodes, whichshould be limited only by the claims. For example, in one embodiment(not shown), a film comprised of a combination of a prior artadditive-based electrode layer and embedded dry particles from acontainer 19 could be bonded to a current collector 50.

Referring now to FIGS. 4 a and 4 b, and preceding Figures as needed,there are seen structures of an energy storage device. In FIG. 4 a,there are shown cross-sections of four intermixed dry films 34, whichare bonded to a respective current collector 50 according to one or moreembodiments described previously herein. First surfaces of each of thedry films 34 are coupled to a respective current collector 50 in aconfiguration that is shown as a top dry electrode 54 and a bottom dryelectrode 54. According to one or more of the embodiments discussedpreviously herein, the top and bottom dry electrodes 54 are formed froma blend of dry particles without use of any additives. In oneembodiment, the top and bottom dry electrodes 54 are separated by aseparator 70. In one embodiment, separator 70 comprises a porous papersheet of about 30 microns in thickness. Extending ends of respectivecurrent collectors 50 are used to provide a point at which electricalcontact can be effectuated. In one embodiment, the two dry electrodes 54and separators 70 are subsequently rolled together in an offset mannerthat allows an exposed end of a respective collector 50 of the topelectrode 54 to extend in one direction and an exposed end of acollector 50 of the bottom electrode 54 to extend in a second direction.The resulting geometry is known to those skilled in the art as ajellyroll and is illustrated in a top view by FIG. 4 b.

Referring now to FIG. 4 b, and preceding Figures as needed, first andsecond dry electrodes 54, and separator 70, are rolled about a centralaxis to form a rolled energy storage device electrode 200. In oneembodiment, the electrode 20 comprises two dry films 34, each dry filmcomprising a width and a length. In one embodiment, one square meter ofa 150 micron thick dry film 34 weighs about 0.1 kilogram. In oneembodiment, the dry films 34 comprise a thickness of about 80 to 260microns. In one embodiment, a width of the dry films comprises betweenabout 10 to 300 mm. In one embodiment, a length is about 0.1 to 5000meters and the width is between 30 and 150 mm. Other particulardimensions may be may be determined by a required final energy storagedevice storage parameter. In one embodiment, the storage parameterincludes values between 1 and 5000 Farads. With appropriate changes andadjustments, other dry film 34 dimensions and other capacitance arewithin the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art willunderstand that offset exposed current collectors 50 (shown in FIG. 4 a)extend from the roll, such that one collector extends from one end ofthe roll in one direction and another collector extends from an end ofthe roll in another direction. In one embodiment, the collectors 50 maybe used to make electric contact with internal opposing ends of a sealedhousing, which can include corresponding external terminals at eachopposing end for completing an electrical contact.

Referring now to FIG. 5, and preceding Figures as needed, duringmanufacture, a rolled electrode 1200 made according to one or more ofthe embodiments disclosed herein is inserted into an open end of ahousing 2000. An insulator (not shown) is placed along a top peripheryof the housing 2000 at the open end, and a cover 2002 is placed on theinsulator. During manufacture, the housing 2000, insulator, and cover2002 may be mechanically curled together to form a tight fit around theperiphery of the now sealed end of the housing, which after the curlingprocess is electrically insulated from the cover by the insulator. Whendisposed in the housing 2000, respective exposed collector extensions1202 of electrode 1200 make internal contact with the bottom end of thehousing 2000 and the cover 2002. In one embodiment, external surfaces ofthe housing 2000 or cover 2002 may include or be coupled to standardizedconnections/connectors/terminals to facilitate electrical connection tothe rolled electrode 1200 within the housing 2000. Contact betweenrespective collector extensions 1202 and the internal surfaces of thehousing 2000 and the cover 2002 may be enhanced by welding, soldering,brazing, conductive adhesive, or the like. In one embodiment, a weldingprocess may be applied to the housing and cover by an externally appliedlaser welding process. In one embodiment, the housing 2000, cover 2002,and collector extensions 1202 comprise substantially the same metal, forexample, aluminum. An electrolyte can be added through a filling/sealingport (not shown) to the sealed housing 1200. In one embodiment, theelectrolyte is 1.5 M tetramethylammonium or tetrafluoroborate inacetonitrile solvent. After impregnation and sealing, a finished productis thus made ready for commercial-sale and subsequent use.

Although the particular systems and methods herein shown and describedin detail are capable of attaining the above described objects of theinvention, it is understood that the description and drawings presentedherein represent some, but not all, embodiments that are broadlycontemplated. Structures and methods that are disclosed may thuscomprise configurations, variations, and dimensions other than thosedisclosed. For example, other classes of energy storage devices thatutilize electrodes and adhesives as described herein are within thescope of the present invention. Also, different housings may comprisecoin-cell type, clamshell type, prismatic, cylindrical type geometries,as well as others as are known to those skilled in the art. For aparticular type of housing, it is understood that appropriate changes toelectrode geometry may be required, but that such changes would bewithin the scope of those skilled in the art. It is also contemplatedthat an energy storage device made according to dry principles describedherein may comprise two different electrode films that differ incompositions and/or dimensions (i.e. asymmetric electrodes).Additionally, it is contemplated that principles disclosed herein couldbe utilized in combination with a carbon cloth type electrode. Thus, thescope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments thatmay become obvious to those skilled in the art and that the scope of thepresent invention is accordingly limited by nothing other than theappended claims and their equivalents.

1. An energy storage device product, comprising: a self-supporting filmconsisting of a dry mix of dry carbon and dry binder particles.
 2. Theproduct of claim 1, wherein at least some of the dry mix is dryfibrillized.
 3. The product of claim 1, wherein the dry mix consists ofno processing additive.
 4. An energy storage device product, comprising:one or more self-supporting dry adhesive film comprising a dry mix ofdry binder and dry carbon particles.
 5. The product of claim 4, whereinthe self supporting dry adhesive film is a compacted film.
 6. Theproduct of claim 5, wherein the dry adhesive film comprises a thicknessof less than 250 microns.
 7. The product of claim 4, wherein theself-supporting dry adhesive film comprises a length of at least 1meter.
 8. The product of claim 4, wherein the self-supporting dryadhesive film is coupled directly against a substrate.
 9. The product ofclaim 8, wherein the self-supporting dry adhesive film comprises noprocessing additive.
 10. The product of claim 8, wherein the substratecomprises a collector.
 11. The product of claim 10, wherein thecollector comprises aluminum.
 12. The product of claim 8, wherein theproduct comprises a collector, and wherein the dry adhesive film iscoupled directly against a surface of the collector.
 13. The product ofclaim 12, wherein the collector is untreated.
 14. The product of claim10, wherein the collector comprises two sides, wherein one selfsupporting dry adhesive film is calendered directly against one side ofthe collector, and wherein a second self supporting dry adhesive film iscalendered directly against a second side of the collector.
 15. Theproduct of claim 14, wherein the collector is treated.
 16. The productof claim 14, wherein the collector is formed to comprise a roll.
 17. Theproduct of claim 16, wherein the roll is disposed within a sealedaluminum housing.
 18. The product of claim 17, wherein within thehousing is disposed an electrolyte, and wherein the product comprises adouble-layer capacitor.
 19. The product of claim 8, wherein at leastsome of the dry binder comprises a fibrillizable fluoropolymer, andwherein the dry carbon particles comprise activated carbon particles andconductive carbon particles.
 20. The product of claim 8, wherein atleast some of the dry binder comprises a thermoplastic, and wherein thedry carbon particles comprise conductive carbon particles.
 21. Acapacitor, the capacitor comprising: a collector; the collector havingtwo sides; and two electrode film layers, wherein a first electrode filmlayer is bonded directly onto a first surface of the collector, andwherein a second electrode film layer is bonded directly onto a secondsurface of the collector.
 22. The capacitor of claim 21, wherein the twoelectrode film layers consist of no processing additives.
 23. Thecapacitor of claim 22, wherein the two electrode layers comprise athermoplastic.
 24. The capacitor of claim 21, wherein the film layerscomprise substantially zero residues as determined by a chemicalanalysis of the layers before impregnation by an electrolyte.
 25. Thecapacitor of claim 24, wherein the residues comprise hydrocarbons, highboiling point solvents, antifoaming agents, surfactants, dispersionaids, water, pyrrolidone, mineral spirits, ketones, naphtha, acetates,alcohols, glycols, toluene, xylene, and Isopars™.
 26. The capacitor ofclaim 23, wherein the layers are impregnated with an electrolyte. 27.The capacitor of claim 26, wherein the capacitor comprises adouble-layer capacitor.
 28. An energy storage device, comprising: one ormore continuous self supporting intermixed film structure comprising drycarbon particles and dry binder particles, the film structure comprisingabout zero parts per million processing additive.
 29. The energy storagedevice of claim 28, wherein the additive is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrocarbons, high boiling point solvents, antifoamingagents, surfactants, dispersion aids, water, pyrrolidone, mineralspirits, ketones, naphtha, acetates, alcohols, glycols, toluene, xylene,and Isopars™.
 30. The energy storage device of claim 28, wherein thefilm structure comprises a dry adhesive binder.
 31. The energy storagedevice of claim 28, wherein the film structure comprises a dryconductive carbon.
 32. The energy storage device of claim 28, whereinthe film structure comprises dry activated carbon, dry conductivecarbon, and dry adhesive binder.
 33. The energy storage device of claim28, wherein the film structure is coupled to a collector.
 34. The energystorage device of claim 28, wherein the intermixed film structurecomprises two intermixed film structures coupled to a collector, whereina first of the film structures is coupled to a first side of thecollector, and wherein a second of the film structures is coupled to asecond side of the collector.
 35. The energy storage device of claim 28,wherein the intermixed film structure is an electrode film.
 36. Theenergy storage device of claim 35, wherein the electrode film is anenergy storage device electrode film.
 37. The energy storage device ofclaim 36, wherein the electrode film comprises a capacitor electrodefilm.
 38. A capacitor structure, comprising a collector; and a pluralityof dry processed particles coupled to the collector, wherein theparticles define a long integral dry electrode film.
 39. The structureof claim 38, wherein the film comprises dry conductive carbon and dryadhesive materials.
 40. The structure of claim 38, wherein the filmcomprises one or more blend of dry particles.
 41. The structure of claim40, wherein a first of the particles comprises activated carbon,conductive carbon, and a fibrillizable binder; and wherein a second ofthe particles comprises conductive carbon and adhesive binder.
 42. Anenergy storage device electrode, the electrode comprising: adhesivebinder particles; and carbon particles, the carbon particles comprisinga surface, wherein a plurality of the carbon particles are coupled toeach other by the adhesive binder particles, and wherein a plurality ofthe carbon particles make direct carbon particle to carbon particlecontact.